An Overview of Ocular Transmission as Alternative Route Transmission Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Literature Review
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) becomes a health crisis in the world. The main route of spreading COVID-19 is through the respiratory tract, but this virus also spread through extra respiratory route. This literature review aimed to describe the ocular transmission as an alternative route of COVID-19 transmission. This literature review study used sources of article obtained through ProQuest, Springer, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar with range 2019-2020 publication years and were traced using a combination of search term for ocular transmission, virus receptor, eye manifestation and COVID-19. Previous research used Experimental design, Case study, and Cross-sectional study, and published from 2019 to 2020. Then analyzed by PRISMA diagram method with four stages starting from identification, screening, eligibility, and included. 4 articles used Experimental study design, 4 articles used Cross-sectional study design, and 2 articles used case study design. This study showed that COVID-19 RNA was found on ocular (conjunctiva and cornea) in a low percentage (2.23%-24%). Patients with confirmed COVID-19 could have ocular manifestations. COVID-19 enter the human body through the eye by spike protein binds to eye receptors that are: ACE2, CD147/Basigin/EMMPRIN, TMPRSS2, ANPEP and AGTR2. Then this virus transferred to the respiratory tract through the nasolacrimal duct. The study showed that ocular transmission can be an alternative route of COVID-19 transmission even with a low percentage level, so it is important for health worker to wear eye protector.
References
Arora, R., R. Goel, S. Kumar, M. Chhabra, S. Saxena, V. Manchanda, dan P. Pumma. 2020. Evaluation of sars-cov-2 in tears of patients with moderate to severe covid-19. Ophthalmology
Barnett, B. P., K. Wahlin, M. Krawczyk, D. Spencer, D. Welsbie, N. Afshari, dan D. Chao. 2020. Potential of ocular transmission of sars-cov-2: a review. Vision (Switzerland). 4(3):1–14.
Belser, J. A., P. A. Rota, dan T. M. Tumpey. 2013. Ocular tropism of respiratory viruses. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 77(1):144–156.
Chen, L., M. Liu, Z. Zhang, K. Qiao, T. Huang, M. Chen, N. Xin, Z. Huang, L. Liu, G. Zhang, dan J. Wang. 2020. Ocular manifestations of a hospitalised patient with confirmed 2019 novel coronavirus disease. British Journal of Ophthalmology. (figure 2):748–751.
Daruich, A., D. Martin, dan D. Bremond-Gignac. 2020. Ocular manifestation as first sign of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19): interest of telemedicine during the pandemic context. Journal Francais d’Ophtalmologie. 43(5):389–391.
Ho, D., R. Low, L. Tong, V. Gupta, A. Veeraraghavan, dan R. Agrawal. 2020. COVID-19 and the ocular surface: a review of transmission and manifestations. Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 28(5):726–734.
Hu, K., J. Patel, dan B. Patel. 2021. Ophthalmic Manifestations Of Coronavirus (COVID-19). StatPearls Publishing LLC.
Kemenkes RI. 2020. Pedoman Pencegahan Dan Pengendalian Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Jakarta.
Kumar, K., S. B. G. Akshata A Prakash, K. R. Sujatha Rathod BL, S. M. S. Ambica Rangaiah, S. G. Basawarajappa, dan C. R. J. Shashi Bhushan, T G Neeraja, Srinivas Khandenahalli, M Swetha, Priyam Gupta, U C Sampritha, Guru N S Prasad. 2020. Presence of viral rna of sars-cov-2 in conjunctival swab specimens of covid-19 patients. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
Leonardi, A., U. Rosani, dan P. Brun. 2020. Ocular surface expression of sars-cov-2 receptors. Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 28(5):735–738.
Li, X., J. Fuk, W. Chan, K. Kai, W. Li, E. Yuk, K. Tso, C. Chik, Y. Yip, S. Sridhar, T. Wai, H. Chung, K. Hei, Y. Chiu, D. Ling, dan L. Hung. 2020. Detection of sars ‑ cov ‑ 2 in conjunctival secretions from patients without ocular symptoms. Infection. (0123456789)
Lihua, S., H. Fei, X. Chen, X. Zuan, X. Yang, H. Li, F. Cheng, J. Guo, dan G. Gong. 2020. Diagnostic efficacy of three test kits for sars-cov-2 nucleic acid detection. Journal of Zhejiang University. 49(2)
Ma, N., P. Li, X. Wang, Y. Yu, X. Tan, P. Chen, S. Li, dan F. Jiang. 2020. Ocular manifestations and clinical characteristics of children with laboratory-confirmed covid-19 in wuhan, china. JAMA Ophthalmology. 138(10):1079–1086.
Priscilia, F., F. Iskandar, F. F. Larasati, dan G. F. Permanik. 2020. Manifestasi okular coronavirus disease 2019 ( covid-19 ): klinis dan pencegahan. 47(8):667–672.
Qing, H., Z. Li, Z. Yang, M. Shi, Z. Huang, J. Song, dan Z. Song. 2020. The possibility of covid-19 transmission from eye to nose. Acta Ophthalmologica. 98(3):e388.
Sadhu, S., R. Agrawal, R. Pyare, C. Pavesio, M. Zierhut, A. Khatri, J. R. Smith, M. D. de Smet, dan J. Biswas. 2020. COVID-19: limiting the risks for eye care professionals. Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 28(5):714–720.
Sahu, D. K., D. Pradhan, P. K. Naik, B. Kar, G. Ghosh, dan G. Rath. 2020. Smart polymeric eye gear: a possible preventive measure against ocular transmission of covid-19. Medical Hypotheses. 144(June):110288.
Satgas COVID-19. 2021. Situasi Virus COVID Di Indonesia. https://covid19.go.id/
Ulhaq, Z. S. dan G. V. Soraya. 2020. The prevalence of ophthalmic manifestations in covid-19 and the diagnostic value of ocular tissue/fluid. Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 258(6):1351–1352.
Ulrich, H. dan M. M. Pillat. 2020. CD147 as a target for covid-19 treatment: suggested effects of azithromycin and stem cell engagement. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports. 16(3):434–440.
Wan, Y., J. Shang, R. Graham, R. S. Baric, dan F. Li. 2020. Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of sars coronavirus. Journal of Virology. 94(7):1–9.
WHO. 2021. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/
Wu, P., F. Duan, C. Luo, Q. Liu, X. Qu, L. Liang, dan K. Wu. 2020. Characteristics of ocular findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in hubei province, china. JAMA Ophthalmology. 138(5):575–578.
Xia, J., J. Tong, M. Liu, Y. Shen, dan D. Guo. 2020. Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with sars-cov-2 infection. Journal of Medical Virology. 92(6):589–594.
Xie, H.-T., S.-Y. Jiang, K.-K. Xu, X. Liu, B. Xu, L. Wang, dan M.-C. Zhang. 2020. SARS-cov-2 in the ocular surface of covid-19 patients. Eye and Vision. 7(1):7–9.
Zhang, X., X. Chen, L. Chen, C. Deng, X. Zou, W. Liu, H. Yu, B. Chen, dan X. Sun. 2020. The evidence of sars-cov-2 infection on ocular surface. Ocular Surface. 18(3):360–362.
Zhou, L., Z. Xu, G. M. Castiglione, U. S. Soiberman, C. G. Eberhart, dan E. J. Duh. 2020. ACE2 and tmprss2 are expressed on the human ocular surface, suggesting susceptibility to sars-cov-2 infection. Ocular Surface. 18(4):537–544.
Zhou, Y., Y. Zeng, Y. Tong, dan C. Chen. 2020. Ophthalmologic evidence against the interpersonal transmission of 2019 novel coronavirus through conjunctiva. MedRxiv
Zhu, X., Q. Liu, L. Du, L. Lu, dan S. Jiang. 2013. Receptor-binding domain as a target for developing sars vaccines. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 5(SUPPL.2)
