The Relationship between Culture Shock and Self-Esteem of New Students Outside Java Island at University of Jember

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
Adolescent is someone who experiences a transition period from childhood to adulthood for ages ranging from 10 years to 19 years [1]. Adolescence is a period where individuals can develop themselves regarding knowledge, skills, managing emotions and relating to others. The Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 25 of 2014 explains that the age of adolescents starts in the range of 10 to 18 years and according to the Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), the age of adolescents starts from 10 years to 24 years and is not married. [2]. When teenagers at that age began to think for the future, at that time many teenagers were willing to migrate to seek insight, seek the desired and better education, and work for further survival. A teenager who has finished continuing their high school (SMA) will compete to continue their life for a better future, especially students who want to continue their higher education education, in order to continue for the future many teenagers are willing to migrate to the island. others, especially the destination is the island of Java [3].
Java Island is one of the main destinations for students from all over the region to continue their education at public and private universities. Rufaidah's Research [4] stated that Java Island is the most desirable place for students from regions who want to continue their education to higher education because some universities in Java are considered superior compared to others. Data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) shows that there are 1,500 universities spread across Java from 3,011 universities in Indonesia. Especially in East Java, from data from the Central Statistics Agency of East Java Province (BPSPJT) there are around 326 private universities and 9 state universities [2]. One of them is the University of Jember. From the results of research studies in 2018, there were 7,240 new students consisting of 2,108 students who were accepted through the National Selection of State Universities (SNMPTN), 2,972 from the SBMPTN pathway, 2,064 from the SBMPTN pathway, 67 from the transfer level pathway, 29 students who came from over level. These new students who come from various regions and cultures in Indonesia who join into one scope or environment that allows cultural contact between students [5].
Jember University is one of the State Universities in East Java which is located in the district of Jember, which is located at the eastern tip of the island of Java. The Jember area is considered the most remote area, but from year to year the interest of students to enroll at the University of Jember is increasing and with the same goal, namely to study and continue to a higher level. The more overseas students, the more dynamics that occur. This usually happens because new students have different backgrounds and cultural origins. Jember is an area where the majority of Javanese and Madurese languages are relatively balanced so that the atmosphere of the touch of Javanese-Maduran culture can be felt, especially in urban areas. This very thick blend of Javanese and Madurese cultures is often referred to as Pendalungan or "mixing" [8].
Belford's research [9] explains that students who experience culture shock are students who are required to live independently socially and academically in a new environment or in a foreign environment, and they find cultural norms that are not well known in the social and educational fields. Based on the results of research conducted by Umayyah [10] explained that culture shock was very influential on the adaptation of students, especially those from outside Java because they felt uncomfortable in a new place, so that the individual felt alienated. The research was supported by Burns in Sari [11] explains that individuals will have difficulty expressing themselves, their feelings and thoughts. The reason is that there is a negative assessment of oneself and others. These negative assessments can cause individuals to have low self-esteem, including first-year students who have negative feelings towards themselves and others, feel less confident and have negative judgments from people around them, this makes students less confident. Therefore, students must be able to know their level of ability in order to evaluate the potential that exists within themselves by carrying out a self-assessment process or called Self [12].
Self-esteem is a condition in which individuals are able to assess themselves in carrying out the processes of daily life. Coopersmith Research in Haqi [13] explains that self-respect is a very important thing in one's life. Respecting yourself does not mean exalting yourself and looking down on others and vice versa. Therefore, immigrant students need to adapt to their new environment. Not infrequently, in the first months these overseas students feel they have failed to adjust, are bored, uncomfortable with the conditions in their new place, as a result they experience culture shock, panic, anxiety, loss of confidence, reduced body resistance so that they are susceptible to disease [5]. Finally, causing a reaction to want to return to his hometown which can disrupt the concentration of the lecture process as the main goal of wandering. The research conducted there are 72 respondents, 45.83% have high self-esteem and 45.84% have high self-adjustment [14]. This shows that there is a relationship between self-esteem and adjustment in college for new students.
Based on the explanation above, the researcher wants to do further research in order to get a finding that is useful, especially for the nursing profession, namely to develop professionalism, especially regarding culture shock and self-esteem of new students. Based on this description, researchers want to know the relationship between culture shock and self-esteem of new students outside Java. at the University of Jember.

METHOD
This research is included in the type of descriptive analytic research with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were 214 new students outside Java at the University of Jember. The sampling technique uses a purposive sampling technique, with a sample of 106 respondents with inclusion criteria, namely new immigrant students entering the 2018 academic year at the University of Jember, coming from outside Java and Madura, never living in Java and Madura, Willing to be research respondents, and with the exclusion criteria of living with relatives or family in Jember since the beginning of entering lectures, D3 students who continue S1 at the University of Jember. The data collection tool uses a questionnaire that has been tested for validity. Data were analyzed using the Chi Square test to determine the relationship between culture shock and self-esteem for new students outside Java at the University of Jember. Research data was taken using a research approval sheet (Informed Consent), confidentiality (Confidentiality), Beneficience (Principle of benefit), fairness (Justice), and anonymous (Anonymity) and conducted an ethical test to the faculty of dentistry with no.226/UN25.8 /KEPK/DL/2018.

RESULT
The research results are presented in the form of narratives and tables. Research data is divided into two, namely general data and special data. General data contains the results of univariate analysis of the characteristics of the research sample, namely age, gender, faculty, and regional origin. Specific data consisted of research variables, namely cultural shock and self-esteem of new students outside Java at the University of Jember.  Table 1 shows the median age of new students outside Java Island is 18.00 years with the youngest age 17 years and the oldest age 22 years.  Table 2 shows the gender of new students outside Java Island from 106 dominant female students (68.9%). The highest number of respondents based on faculties at the University of Jember was from the law faculty as many as 12 Volume 1, Number 1 (June 2021) e-ISSN: 2798-5067 p-ISSN: 2798-5059 15 students (11.3%), and the lowest was from the public health faculty respondents, namely 1 student (0.9%), and the highest number of respondents by region of origin was from North Sumatra 21 students (19.8%), and at least 1 student from Papua Merauke, Bangka Belitung, Jambi, West Kalimantan, DI Aceh, South Kalimantan, Bengkulu (0.9%)  Table 3 regarding the culture shock variable from 106 respondents, there are 4 respondents with high category shock culture (3.8%), totaling 30 respondents experiencing moderate culture shock (28.3%), totaling 72 respondents experiencing culture shock in the low category (67.9%).  Table 4 regarding the self-esteem variable from 106 respondents based on the high category obtained the number of 92 respondents (86.8%), and the medium category of 14 respondents (13.2%).  Table 5 shows that the lowest results are that new students do not like differences in language, habits, values or norms, manners in the area of origin and in the new area, the indicator shows a median value of 5.00, there is a value that often appears 6.00, The minimum score is 3 and the maximum value is 9. So, in this indicator the possibility of new students not liking the differences in language, habits, values or norms, politeness in the area of origin and in the new area is very small. Volume 1, Number 1 (June 2021) e-ISSN: 2798-5067 p-ISSN: 2798-5059  Table 6 regarding the highest self-esteem indicator, namely feelings about oneself, the average result is 55.95, and for the self-esteem indicator the standard deviation is 6.14. So that varied results are obtained as described by Santoso [15] if the results of the standard deviation are larger then the data has more variation, whereas if the results of the standard deviation are small, the variations in the data values are more the same. This shows that freshmen's feelings about themselves have a greater variation than feelings about life and relationships with others.  Table 7 states that the correlation between culture shock and the self-esteem of new students outside Java at the University of Jember, which consists of 106 students, obtained a p value of 0.330, then p>0.01 which means that there is no relationship between culture shock and the self-esteem of new students outside the island. Java, r = -0.023 which means the correlation is weak in the opposite direction. So, the lower the cultural shock that students have, the higher the self-esteem that students have.

Culture shock for new students at the University of Jember
The results of the study of the cultural shock variable obtained a median value of 59.00 and for the categorization of 106 respondents the results of the high category concussion were 4 students (3.8%), for the medium category 30 students (28.3%), and for the concussion low category culture amounted to 72 students (67.9%). So it can be said that the cultural shock that occurred in new students outside Java at the University of Jember experienced a level of culture shock in the low category.
The same study conducted by Siregar [16] regarding culture shock in Minang students consisting of 100 students contained 71 students in the low culture shock category (71%). Meanwhile, in the research conducted by Amalia [17], different results were obtained from the researcher, namely from 35 students there were 17 students in the medium category of cultural shock (48.6%), and Hasibuan's research [7], namely from 85 students, there were 69, 4% fall into the category of moderate level of culture shock, in the study the culture shock that occurred was caused because students had difficulty adjusting to the population in their new environment.
The results of the cultural shock indicator there are the lowest results that new students do not like the differences regarding language, habits, values or norms, manners in the area of origin and in the new area, from several indicators the average score is 5.00, the minimum value is 3 and the maximum value is 9. So that in this indicator the possibility of new students not liking the differences in language, customs, values or norms, politeness in the area of origin and in the new area is very small. This is supported by research by Talabessy [18] that the everyday language used by students is Indonesian, because this language is a national language so many understand it even though the accent is from their respective regions. Indonesian is a unified language that has been effectively used as a means of communication for the Indonesian nation so that it is easy to adapt to new environments, especially Indonesia.
Culture shock according to Chaney & Martin [19] is a wound that appears when a person moves from the original culture to a different culture. culture shock results in a person's inability to adapt, ranging from psychological and physiological. This is supported by Andani [20] culture shock is a condition where individuals are not ready to experience changes in cultural values caused by the movement from the original culture to a new culture. Researchers assume that respondents feel happy when accepted at the University of Jember, from some of the items above the results show that language differences are not something they fear, from these language differences make students feel enjoy in their new environment and the new environment makes them happier, even though some students are not used to it. with the new environment. The way they do to minimize errors in communication is to use Indonesian with an accent from their respective regions. With the presence of several students who experienced culture shock in the high category, nurses and educational institutions could provide guidance regarding the introduction of culture around the University of Jember so that students, especially outside Java, could minimize the occurrence of culture shock.

Self-Esteem of New Students at the University of Jember
The results of the self-esteem variable obtained an average of 91.48 and for the categorization division of 106 students for the high self-esteem category, the number of students obtained was 92 students (86.8%), and the medium self-esteem category was 14 students (13.2%). So, it can be concluded that the self-esteem of new students outside Java at the University of Jember is in the high self-esteem category.
There are several studies on self-esteem with the same results by researchers, namely research conducted by research by Puspita [17], namely from 75 students there are 33 students in the high self-esteem category of 45.83%. While there are several studies with different results, in Ratih's research [21], out of 68 students, there are 48 students in the category of low self-esteem 67.65%, and Khalid [22], from 30 respondents there are 14 people who have moderate self-esteem. 46.7%.
Coopersmith in Susanto [23] states that individuals who have high self-esteem are individuals who have positive acceptance and appreciation, if someone has a moderate category of self-esteem then that person has similarities with high self-esteem, the difference lies in the intensity of self-confidence, but if someone has high selfesteem, the difference lies in the intensity of self-confidence. People with low self-esteem feel less confident in their assessment of themselves and depend on social acceptance in their environment and the person shows the nature of hopelessness, always imagines failure, feels unattractive, afraid of being wrong, sensitive to criticism and difficult to express the desired feelings. This is supported by Sudirman [24] that individuals who have high self-esteem have confidence in their abilities, are realistic in living their lives and are willing to listen and accept the opinions of others, while people who have low self-esteem tend to be more easily influenced by someone else.
There is an indicator of self-esteem with the highest average of 55.95, namely feelings about oneself, from several statements in the questionnaire obtained some of the most results, namely respondents respect the opinions of friends and other people, respondents feel happy with the life they live and respondents are responsible with what is happening in his life. The researcher assumes that freshmen perform a good ego defense mechanism as described by Candra [25], someone performs ego defense to relieve anxiety, reduce painful feelings, to maintain feelings of worth and self-esteem. Some of these statements, researchers assume that students at the University of Jember are confident in themselves but there are some who have moderate self-esteem so that efforts are needed by nurses to be able to provide assistance, assisted by guardian lecturers so that they can be closer to providing assistance, strengthening and confidence in themselves. new students outside Java at the University of Jember to minimize the occurrence of low selfesteem.
usually in the form of encouragement, attention, appreciation and affection so that there is a positive impact on the individual to become more valuable. This situation will stimulate individuals to more quickly adapt or adjust to their new environment. This is supported by Puspita's research [14] which states that there are several factors such as attitudes, personality, family, culture and social norms that will affect a person's self-esteem. In this study, it was stated that there was a relationship between self-esteem and self-adjustment. If students have self-esteem, the higher the student will adapt to his environment. Candra [25] individuals make adaptations to face a problem or to meet their life needs, both psycho and social. Adaptations are created to protect their exaggerated sense of self-worth against public embarrassment, so that a person is able to hide their low self-image and maintain the lifestyle they are currently living. This statement is supported by Field [26] explaining that culture shock is a condition of a person experiencing cultural shock so that a person feels less confident, feels worthless, feels afraid and isolated when in a new environment, and at first glance there is no difference between people who experiencing culture shock and not experiencing so it needs to be explored to find out.
The researcher revealed that culture shock and self-esteem of new students outside Java at the University of Jember had no relationship between culture shock and self-esteem. From the results of this study, it should be taken into consideration for educating new students, especially those from outside Java. The education carried out is expected to be able to maintain and reduce culture shock and low self-esteem in new students from outside Java.

CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the research and discussion above regarding the relationship between culture shock and self-esteem of new students, it can be concluded that there is no relationship between culture shock and self-esteem of new students outside Java at the University of Jember which has a weak correlation.
For educational institutions, namely providing training and self-development, especially for students who come from outside Java to be more familiar with the culture around the University of Jember, as well as assistance for psychological assistance while students undergo the adaptation process in a new environment.