Characteristics of Work Accident among Tobacco Farmers in Indonesia

Article Info: ABSTRACT Submitted: 25-08-2021 Revised: 19-12-2021 Accepted: 19-12-2021 Tobacco farmers are vulnerable to work accidents when carrying out tobacco cultivation activities. The purpose of this research was to describe the characteristics of work accidents on tobacco farmers in Kalisat District, Jember Regency. The research design used descriptive quantitative. This research employed a purposive sampling technique, with a total of 97 tobacco farmers as respondents. The research data were collected through a demographic questionnaire and a work accident accident questionnaire. In the type indicator, it was found that 43.3% farmers often experienced incidents of being hit by immovable objects. In the object indicator, 36.1% farmers often experience accidents due to work equipment. In the indicator of the nature of the wound 26.8% farmers often experienced minor injuries and 9.3% stated that they always experienced these incidents. In the indicator of the location of the wound, farmers often experienced injuries on the hands, namely 36.1%. In the cause indicator, 66.0% farmers stated that they rarely use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). According to the results of this study, work accidents among tobacco farmers in Kalisat District are still highly prevalent. This research will be utilized as a preventative and assessment tool for public health center in the application of occupational health unit and to develop outreach activities in order to reduce the number of work accidents.


INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is an agrarian country where most of the population works in agriculture. Indonesia is the third largest tobacco producer in Asia with a land area of 186 thousand Ha. The contribution of tobacco in East Java reaches 27% of the total agricultural output. Tobacco producing districts in East Java include Madura, Bojonegoro, Lamongan, Lumajang, Bondowoso, Jember, and Situbondo (Septiani, 2019). Jember regency is known as one of the national food barns. In the horticultural subsector, tobacco commodities are the largest contributor to the export value of Jember Regency which has agricultural output of 71.29%. Subdistrict in Jember which is a tobacco producing area in the first place is Kalisat Subdistrict. Kalisat district is among the sub-districts that have the highest production and the largest area is 2,350 Ha. The majority of the population in Kalisat Subdistrict has a livelihood as tobacco farmers (Septiani, 2019).
Tobacco farmers are individuals who are members of agricultural business groups engaged in the cultivation of the agricultural sector in the form of tobacco. To produce the best tobacco plants, the tobacco treatment process requires special and detailed treatment. The tobacco planting period is about four months with treatment in the form of daily watering, embroidery of tobacco seedlings that is done timelessly one week after planting, and weeding every three weeks (Markus et al., 2015). When doing tobacco cultivation activities, farmers are vulnerable to work accidents (Intani, 2013). Work accidents can be affected by several things, namely, work tools, machines, materials, and the workplace. Therefore, the use of PPE is a mandatory thing in the agricultural sector because in this sector workers must spray pesticides, be directly exposed to crops, and exposed directly to sunlight (Nanda, 2012). According to Zhang et al. (2011)'s research, up to 1 million people are poisoned each year as a result of pesticide use.
Research conducted by Widayati (2014), said that tobacco farming activities provide a large and increased workload that causes them to continue their work at night. Based on this, research conducted by Jannah (2018) that tobacco farmers have high working hours of 7 hours / day to carry out the process of planting, irrigation, maintenance, embroidery, fertilization, weeding, pruning, pest control, harvesting, until post-harvest.
Based on the phenomenon that has been explained about the magnitude of the risk of work accidents owned by tobacco farmers, researchers need to review the characteristics of work accidents in tobacco farmers in Kalisat District of Jember Regency.

METHOD
A descriptive quantitative method were used in this study. The population of this study is tobacco farmers in Kalisat Subdistrict with a sample of 97 respondents. Researchers used the purposive sampling technique. Kalisat district consists of 12 villages and is carried out purposive sampling technique in 6 Kalisat villages. Respondents' retrievals are done using proportions. A total of 6 research villages were calculated by proportionate random sampling of each village to determine the number of respondents for the study sample in each village. The determination of respondents based on consideration of research criteria that meet the criteria of inclusion and exclusion in the study. The study was conducted from June to July 2021. The data collection tool in this study use a questionnaire sheet characteristic of work accidents from Rizani Noor, et al (2018) research. Data analysis was performed using univariate analysis, only describing the frequency and presentation of work accidents tobacco farmers in Kalisat District, Jember Regency.The ethics of this research was carried out with an ethical feasibility test at the Faculty of Nursing, University of Jember No. 102/UN25.1.14/KEPK/2021. Based on table 2, it can be known that the Characteristics of tobacco farmers in Kalisat District Jember Regency namely the majority of 82 (84.5%) respondent are male. The last education of the most respondents was the end of elementary school as many as 61 (62.9%) respondents. The length of work in farmers showed more than half who worked as farmers for >20 years, which was 59 (60.8%) respondents.  Based on table 3, shows that from the 6 items of indicator questions, at number 6, 91 (93.9%) of respondents never experienced electrocution. A total of 57 (58.8%) respondents to item number 2 stated that they are sometimes slip while working on land. It is also known in item number 4 states that as many as 42 (43.3%) respondents are often hit by immovable objects and a number of 3 (3.1%) respondents stated that they are always hit by immovable objects.  Based on table 4, shows that from the 5 items of indicator questions, at number 2, as many as 85 (87.6%) respondents never had an accident by conveyance. A total of 52 (53.6%) respondents to item number 5 stated that they sometimes have accidents due to animals. It is also known in item number 3 states that as many as 35 (36.1%) respondents often have accidents due to work equipment and a number of 2 (2.1%) respondents stated that they always have accidents due to work equipment.  Based on table 5, shows that from the 8 items of indicator question, at numbers 1, 3, and 7, 97 (100%) of respondents never had a work accident with fractures, concussion, and burns. A total of 40 (41.2%) respondents in item number 2 stated that they sometimes have a sprained work accident or sprain during work. Question number 5 is a question that has more answers very often compared to other items, namely as many as 26 (26.8%) respondents said they often find minor injuries on their bodies due to activities carried out. It is also known on the item that as many as 9 (9.3%) of respondents always suffered minor injuries. Based on table 6, shows that from the 5 items of indicator questions, at number 1, 95 (97.9%) of respondents never experienced a work accident injury to the head. A total of 53 (54.6%) respondents to item number 5 stated that they sometimes experience work accident injuries in the legs while working. Question number 4 is a question that has more answers very often compared to other items, namely as many as 35 (36.1%) respondents said they often find wounds on their hands while on the move. Based on table 7, shows that from the 18 items, question number 4 is as many as 76 (78.4%) respondents never perform actions such as running, jumping, throwing while working. A total of 64 (66.0%) respondents to item number 1 stated that they rarely / sometimes use complete personal protective equipment while working. Question number 13 as many as 57 (58.8%) respondents said the work according to the actual conditions. Also known in question item number 12 as many as 80 (82.5%) respondents stated that the work they do is always in accordance with the workforce.

DISCUSSION
Adults and the elderly tend to take unsafe actions or unsafe actions so that the incidence of work accidents occurs (Pratama, 2015). Men in general do more work on direct land and do more strenuous activities than women. Work accidents in men occur due to machinery and agricultural equipment used, while women are more commonly exposed to animals such as insects that are on the ground (Jadhav, et al, 2015). Meanwhile, according to Jawawi (2008) workers with the female sex more often have work accidents when viewed from physical such as muscle ability, posture, and weaker body resistance than men.
In this study showed that most of the last level of education of tobacco farmers in Kalisat Subdistrict was elementary school. The level of education affects the mindset process of farmers to be able to receive all information in the field of agriculture. Workers who have a low education will be vulnerable to work accidents (Damayanti and Ramandhani, 2018). This statement contradicts Pratama (2015) which states that a specific job in it requires more physical skills and abilities than formal education. The study showed that more than half of the respondents worked as tobacco farmers for more than 20 years. The length of time work is related to the physical condition of the worker's body. Based on research of Damayanti and Ramandhani (2018) said most workers who experience work accidents have a working period of more than 10 years due to unsafe act and careless behavior.
The characteristics of work accidents according to the type of accident in this study are mostly hit by immovable objects. Based on research conducted by Noor, et al (2018) work accidents that most often occur in workers are hit by immovable objects that are sharp or hard. This is due to the lack of worker skills towards the use of tools or objects that result in work accidents. Researchers assume the type of equipment used by farmers can cause work accidents. This is because the majority of farmers have accidents hit by objects not moving. Therefore, the use of personal protective equipment is very important to minimize the occurrence of work accidents.
The characteristics of work accidents according to objects in this study are mostly work equipment. The use of machinery and tools needs to be considered in the agricultural sector. The condition of a piece of equipment both age and quality greatly affect the occurrence of work accidents. Old tools may be damaged. If the device has been damaged, of course it can cause an accident (Darsini, 2017). In the standard operating procedures, there are usually restrictions on equipment and safety operations, procedures to turn on, operate and turn off equipment to avoid incidents of work accidents that can occur (Sucipto, 2014).
The characteristics of work accidents according to the nature of injuries in this study are mostly mild injuries. Based on research conducted by Triyono (2016) mentioned the most common wounds in farmers, namely abrasions, bruises, torn wounds, and iris wounds. According to Sari research (2018)  The characteristics of work accidents according to the location of the wounds in this study are mostly injured in the hands. According to ILO (2007) as many as 26% of tobacco farmers said they had suffered hand injuries due to bamboo blades. In Muchtarom research (2017) the most injuries found on fingers or hands as many as 14 accidents in farmers. The use of hands as control holders of work equipment such as hoes, sickles, and pesticide sprayers is the cause of most often farmers experience injuries on the hands that cause injuries.
The characteristics of work accidents according to the cause in this study are mostly the lack of compliance of respondents to use personal protective equipment (PPE) in full. The use of personal protective equipment is a way that can be used by labor to protect his body from potential hazards or work accidents (Hayati et al., 2018). Research conducted by Mulyani, Sawitri, and Nadira (2018) shows that the majority of farmers in Paloh Gadeng Village do not use PPE when working, which is as many as 60 (80%) farmers. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) that is not in accordance with K3 standards can cause injury to the extremities while working. Improper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) can interfere with the health and safety of farmers' work when carrying out agricultural land processing activities (Indriana et al., 2020).

CONCLUSION
The conclusion of this study is characteristic of tobacco farmers in Kalisat District of Jember Regency who have been willing to be respondents to this study, namely as many as 84.5% have a male gender and 15.5% have a female gender. The result of the characteristics of work accidents according to their type as many as 43.3% of tobacco farmers often experience the occurrence of hit objects not moving because they are hit by objects such as hoes, sickles, and others. The result of the characteristics of work accidents according to objects as many as 36.1% of tobacco farmers often experience accidents due to work equipment equipment caused by sharp objects. Characteristics of work accidents by the nature of injuries as many as 26.8% of tobacco farmers often experience the incidence of minor injuries and 9.3% stated that they always experience such incidents in work such as abrasions, torn wounds, iris wounds, and scratches. The result of the characteristics of work accidents according to the location of injuries as many as 36.1% of tobacco farmers often experience injuries to the upper extremities of the upper body, namely on the hands. The result of the characteristics of work accidents according to the cause is that as many as 66.0% of tobacco farmers rarely use personal protective equipment (PPE) when working.
The advice from this study to health services as a preventive and evaluation effort for health centers in the application of occupational health unit to be more optimal and become the basis of development or improvement in providing holistic nursing care services. Researchers can further develop about what are the factors that can cause work accidents and how effective ways can be done to reduce work accidents among tobacco farmers.