The Role of Parents in Fulfilling Nutrition and Respiratory Health for Children in Agricultural Area: Literature Review

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
Parents have a crucial role in fulfilling the nutritional needs of a child.Parenting is one factor that dramatically influences nutritional status, such as giving full attention and affection to children and giving sufficient time to pay attention to their nutritional intake to improve their nutritional status (Ariyanto et al., 2023).Mothers have a critical role in the growth and development of infants, toddlers, and children, especially knowledge of mothers influences the mindset and level of concern to provide proper food intake for their children (Ariyanto et al., 2023).The Indonesian Doctors Association advises mothers to give exclusive breastfeeding until the baby is six months old and continue with complementary feeding since the baby is aged 6-24 and continues breastfeeding until the age of 2 or more (Aprillia et al., 2020).Therefore, the knowledge and education of parents, especially mothers, are very influential in fulfilling the nutritional status of children, so the higher the level of education, the easier it is to receive and apply nutrition information compared to low education (Suryani & Nadia, 2022).
Children who become individuals are defined as someone under 18 years old in a period of growth and development with unique physical, psychological, social, and spiritual needs (Erita et al., 2019).Children are individuals with a range of developmental changes from infancy to adolescence.In development, children have physical, cognitive, self-concept, coping patterns, and social behavior.The physical characteristics in all children may not be the same as in cognitive development, sometimes sooner or later (Erita et al., 2019).
Indonesia still has problems with nutrition and child development (Carolin et al., 2021).The nutritional status of children under five is influenced by direct factors such as diet and infectious diseases and indirect factors such as parenting style and provision of quality health services.Nutritional status is the condition of the body due to food intake and utilization of nutrients (Afandi et al., 2023).Toddlers are an age group that is very vulnerable to infections, especially those that attack the respiratory tract.Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in developing countries causes high child mortality (Sholeh et al., 2022).Several factors contribute to the development of ARI in children, including nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding, birth weight, ventilation, smoking status of parents, and humidity (Dinda et al., 2022).
Agronursing is the management of nursing care and management of nursing services to healthy and sick clients that are holistic and comprehensive throughout the human life cycle within the scope of agriculture.Agronursing has a crucial role in overcoming health problems and maintaining the health of farmers (Kurniyawan et al., 2023a).Agronursing care focuses on holistic and comprehensive customers in the agricultural sector (agriculture, fisheries, animal husbandry, plantations, and agribusiness) (Kurniyawan et al., 2023b).Many farming families need assistance because of low income, low education, inadequate business capital, and high production costs (Kurniyawan et al., 2023c).

METHOD
The literature search process in this literature review uses four databases, namely Google Scholar, PubMed, Scient Direct, and Springer, from 2019-2023.This search was carried out using keywords in English and Indonesian.In the search for English literature, use the keywords "Nutritional Status" OR "Toddler Nutrition" OR "Toddler" OR "Nutritional Problems" OR "Malnutrition."Meanwhile, searching for Indonesian language literature uses the keywords "Status Nutrisi" OR "Nutrisi Balita" OR "Balita" OR "Masalah Nutrisi" OR "Gizi Buruk".
The article search process begins with the identification of predetermined keywords.At the identification stage, 50,600 articles match the keywords.The next step is to do a screening by selecting the title of the article and the year of publication that fits the assessment criteria.At the screening stage, 18,200 articles met the research criteria.After that, the articles were filtered according to the inclusion and exclusion research criteria.Fourteen thousand five hundred articles met the inclusion and exclusion research criteria.The next step is to filter articles against abstracts to focus on articles according to research criteria.In this step, 20 articles meet the research criteria.Then, from the ten selected articles, the selection of language, research design, outcome, and several other criteria were determined.Finally, ten articles were determined that matched the research criteria and could proceed to the analysis stage.

RESULT
The analysis conducted in this study shows an overview of research on children's health in agricultural areas, especially regarding the nutritional status of toddlers.The research journals used consist of various regions in Indonesia, especially in areas with an average working as a farmer.The research journals used are in 2019-2023, with ten articles.This study's analysis results show that malnutrition in toddlers can lead to stunting and ISPA caused by a lack of a mother's knowledge of toddler nutrition.Moreover, the amount of malnutrition in toddlers is quite large, especially in agricultural areas.Factors related to the nutritional status of children under five are energy adequacy level, mother's knowledge, history of infectious diseases, and protein adequacy level.Meanwhile, the unrelated factors were family food taboos and food processing habits.Mothers can carry out exclusive breastfeeding due to several factors, namely, the mother's knowledge, the mother's education, and the mother's age.Mothers with good knowledge regarding breastfeeding and an understanding that breast milk is given without additional food or drinks tend to breastfeed, as their knowledge will influence their behavior in making decisions to breastfeed exclusively.Family support is an interpersonal relationship between family members, which is shown through attitudes and actions of family acceptance.The forms of family support that can be provided are informational, appreciation, emotional, and instrumental support.
In providing support by the family, there are some factors, such as the level of knowledge, education, and occupation of the family or husband.4.
Author: Mothers with the potential to get pregnant also affect exclusive breastfeeding because mothers with fertile potential have the psychological maturity to provide exclusive breastfeeding and care for their babies.Therefore, family support also has an essential influence on the implementation of exclusive breastfeeding in infants.Families or husbands provide mothers with family support for exclusive breastfeeding, namely instrumental, informational, appreciation, and emotional support (Pakilaran et al., 2022).The knowledge possessed by the mother has a tremendous influence on increasing thoughts and decisions to determine the mother's attitude towards exclusive breastfeeding to meet the baby's nutritional status.A significant relationship exists between the mother's education level and children's health problems (Pasaribu et al., 2019).According to research on babies born to mothers with low levels of education, the risk of experiencing health problems is 2,554 times higher compared to babies born to mothers with higher education because higher education provides opportunities for mothers to make choices about proper parenting and nutrition in infants (Asparian et al., 2020).Food diversity, household food security, and information on mother and child nutrition are the most important factors to meet children's nutritional status optimally.

CONCLUSION
The role of parents is critical in providing food intake, quality of the living environment, and daily life patterns for children in agricultural areas to reduce problems with nutritional status and respiratory problems in children.This can cause children to experience malnutrition, infection, and even a decline in growth.Therefore, nurses must support and educate people in agricultural areas, especially parents, regarding nutritional intake, environmental quality, and daily living patterns to reduce problems with nutritional status and respiratory problems in children in agricultural areas.

Table 1 .
Article Search and Filtering Flow

Table 1 .
Analysis of Articles